February 15, 2026, 8:32 a.m. EST
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Modern poison has become less of a medieval cliché than a geopolitical signature. Precise, deniable and, in the case of Russia, sinisterly familiar.
Russian poisoning accusations resurfaced this week after Western governments said a laboratory analysis found the rare frog-derived toxin epibatidine, a compound associated with Ecuadorian poison frogs, in samples taken from the bodies of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.
The allegation fuels a long and deeply contested narrative around high-profile poisoning cases in Vladimir Putin’s Russia, ranging from radioactive tea to nerve agents. Moscow has always denied any involvement in these episodes, which shaped its global reputation.
A joint statement from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands said Saturday that forensic tests concluded that epibatidine, a powerful neurotoxin, was present in Navalny’s body after his death in a Siberian penal colony in 2024.
Russia’s prison service reported in February 2024 that Navalny, 47, died after feeling unwell following a walk at a high-security facility in a remote town above the Arctic Circle, where he was serving a combined 30 and a half years in prison.
British officials said only the Russian government had the capacity and opportunity to deploy the toxin against Navalny and reported the case to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot said this episode shows that Vladimir Putin is willing to use chemical agents against his own citizens to maintain power.
Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said Saturday that Russia would indicate “where the test results are, where the formulas of the substances are.”
Although Russia rejects the allegations, the case has drawn attention to the extraordinary lethality of the substance involved, an exotic toxin whose potency and synthetic accessibility make it a weapon that experts say can only be produced and deployed by a state with advanced chemical capabilities.
Epipedobates anthonyi, known as Anthony’s poison arrow frog, is typically 22mm long. Its skin contains enough epibatidine to kill a human several times over, with lethal doses measured in tiny amounts as low as 1.4 micrograms.
The drug “does not occur naturally in Russia”, the British Foreign Office said in a joint statement on Saturday, but its absence in nature does not matter when a state with advanced chemical capabilities can replicate and deploy it.
“The structure is known and it’s possible to synthesize it chemically, so you won’t need to go to Ecuador looking for brightly colored frogs, washing them and removing the toxin from their skin,” Alastair Hay, professor of environmental toxicology at the University of Leeds, told NBC News.
“You could do it in the lab,” he said.
Epipedobates anthonyi, also known as Anthony’s poison arrow frog.Ondrej Prosicky/Getty ImagesThe combination of synthetic accessibility and extreme potency may help explain why such toxins might be chosen as weapons. According to Hay, the amount needed to be lethal is extremely small, making it lethal even in small doses.
“Once a person starts developing symptoms, it will likely be far too late to do anything,” he added.
International law prohibits the use of chemical agents intended to harm people, whether or not a particular substance is specifically listed. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention, nerve agents like Novichok are tightly controlled and deliberate use against humans is prohibited.
But the Russians have a documented history of using toxic agents in targeted attacks.
In 2006, defector and former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko died three weeks after drinking green tea laced with polonium-210 in a luxury London hotel. In the 2018 Salisbury attack in the United Kingdom, the nerve agent Novichok was used against former double agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter, leaving them both seriously ill and sparking international condemnation. A British woman, Dawn Sturgess, later died after being accidentally exposed to the nerve agent.
Navalny himself previously survived an attack with a military nerve agent during a business trip to Russia in 2020 – an assassination attempt he blamed directly on Putin.
Even if such toxins can be manufactured in the laboratory, Hay has no doubt that manufacturing would be state-led, “because these chemicals are so potent at such small concentrations.”
“Laboratory facilities need to be truly state-of-the-art,” he said, emphasizing the need for specialized, highly secure facilities to handle them safely.
Hay noted that Russia may have hoped that the toxin in Navalny’s blood and nervous system would escape detection because the concentration “would be so tiny.”
But he stressed that Western laboratories are just as sophisticated: “The facilities at defense laboratories are of breathtaking quality,” he added, making stealth much more difficult than the authors could have hoped.
Freddie Clayton
Freddie Clayton is a freelance journalist based in London.